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Chambers v. Maroney
''Chambers v. Maroney'', , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court applied the ''Carroll'' doctrine in a case with a significant factual difference—the search took place after the vehicle was moved to the stationhouse. The search was thus delayed and did not take place on the highway (or street) as in Carroll.〔Compare Preston v United States (1964) 376 US 364, 84 S Ct 881, 11 L Ed 2d 777 , and Dyke v Taylor Implement Mfg. Co. (1968) 391 US 216, 88 S Ct 1472, 20 L Ed 2d 538, where the Court held that a search incident could not be conducted later at the stationhouse.〕 After a gas station robbery, a vehicle fitting the description of the robbers' car was stopped. Inside were people wearing clothing matching the description of that worn by the robbers. They were arrested, and the car was taken to the police station where it was later searched.
==Opinion of the Court==
The Court first held that the search could not be sustained as a search incident under Preston and Dyke. It quoted at length from Carroll that a search of a movable vehicle is treated differently under the Fourth Amendment because the mobility of the vehicle alone can easily defeat the warrant requirement.〔''Chambers v. Maroney'', 399 US at 48-49, quoting ''Carroll v. United States'', supra, 267 US at 153-54.〕 If there is probable cause to believe the vehicle contains criminal evidence and there exist exigent circumstances where the vehicle can be removed from the jurisdiction, a warrantless search would be reasonable.〔''Chambers v. Maroney'', 399 US at 50-51: ''But the circumstances that furnish probable cause to search a particular auto for particular articles are most often unforeseeable; moreover, the opportunity to search is fleeting since a car is readily movable. Where this is true, as in ''Carroll'' and the case before us now, if an effective search is to be made at any time, either the search must be made immediately without a warrant or the car itself must be seized and held without a warrant for whatever period is necessary to obtain a warrant for the search.'' See also id. at 51 n. 9.〕 It made no constitutional difference here that the search followed the seizure because the probable cause which developed on the street still existed at the stationhouse.〔''Chambers v. Maroney'', supra, at 52. Compare ''United States v. Edwards'' (1974) 415 US 800, 94 S Ct 1234, 39 L Ed 2d 771 (ovrld on other grounds by ''United States v. Chadwick'' (1977) 433 US 1, 97 S Ct 2476, 53 L Ed 2d 538 and diverged from by ''California v. Acevedo'' (1991) 500 US 565, 111 S Ct 1982, 114 L Ed 2d 619 ), discussed in § 16.13 supra (a delayed seizure of clothing from an arrestee was not an unreasonable search), and ''United States v. Van Leeuwen'' (1970) 397 US 249, 90 S Ct 1029, 25 L Ed 2d 282 , discussed in Chapter 29 (delay of mail in transit to allow probable cause to develop).〕 For this purpose, it is significant to note that the automobile exception and the search incident doctrine are quite different.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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